Partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum

A 24-year-old, previously healthy male presented with sudden onset pain at the base of the penis, radiating to the scrotum. Color Doppler ultrasound revealed a thrombus, measuring 9 cm on its longest (longitudinal) axis, in the proximal third of the right corpus cavernosum (Figure 1A). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the penis confirmed the thrombosis (Figures 1B and 1C) and revealed, at the junction of the crus and the corpus cavernosum (Figure 1B), a thin membrane that divided the thrombus-free part from the part with thrombosis. Partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum is an extremely rare condition, only 56 cases having been reported worldwide by 2015. It occurs in the proximal segment of the corpus cavernosum, usually in men, the mean age of affected individuals being 32 years, and is also known as partial priapism. Most cases appear to be related to perineal compression. The main complication is erectile dysfunction. Of the cases reported in the literature, 59% were in cyclists. The thrombosis is unilateral in 75% of cases and bilateral in 25%. The pathophysiology of partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum is related to the fibrous septum and to the venous system of the proximal third of the penis, which drains into the cavernous veins and internal pudendal veins, all of which are affected by perineal compression. Because there is a mechanical barrier (the fibrous septum), blood cannot reach the distal two-thirds of the penis, where the dorsal veins handle the drainage. The resulting venous stasis predisposes to thrombus formation. Ultrasound imaging aspects include increased volume of the affected segment of the corpus cavernosum, with heterogeneous material and without vascularization on color Doppler. On Doppler ultrasound, no blood flow is detected within the thrombus, although a system of collateral vessels can be seen at the periphery. At the subacute stage, approximately four weeks later, collateral vessels are seen growing within the thrombus, probably as an early sign of resolution of thrombosis. MRI shows an increase in the volume of the corpus cavernosum, associated with the thrombus. The aspect of the affected segment depends on the age of the thrombus. In comparison with a normal corpus Tatiana Bagrichevsky Autran1, Alessandro Severo Alves de Melo2, Fabio Noro3, Bernardo Tessarollo1, Márcio Miguez4